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“水錘效應”（Water hammer effect )

是指當打開的閥門突(tū)然關閉，由于壓力水(shuǐ)流的慣性，産生水流沖擊波，并(bìng)産生破壞作用，這就是水(shuǐ)利學當中的“水錘效(xiào)應”，也就是正水錘。

It refers to that when the open valve is suddenly closed, due to the inertia of pressure water flow, water flow shock wave is generated and destructive effect is generated. This is the "water hammer effect" in hydraulics, that is, positive water hammer.

相反，關閉的閥門在突(tū)然打開後(hòu)，也會産生水錘，叫負水錘(chuí)，也有一定的破壞力，但沒有前者大。

On the contrary, after the closed valve is suddenly opened, it will also produce a water hammer, called negative water hammer, which also has a certain destructive force, but it is not as big as the former.

水錘效應就好像是追尾(wěi)，最前面的車突然停(tíng)車了，為後面的車未及時發現，從而造成了連環追尾事故，緻使最前面的車破壞嚴重(zhòng)。水錘效應就是與這個類似。

The water hammer effect is like a rear end collision. The front car suddenly stopped because the rear car was not found in time, resulting in a series of rear end accidents and serious damage to the front car. The water hammer effect is similar to this.

通常，在閥門接近關閉時閉合元(yuán)件突然吸入閥座，稱為溶缸閉鎖效(xiào)應。

溶缸閉鎖(suǒ)效應是由低推力(lì)執行機構所造成的(de)，該執行機構沒有足夠的推力以保持在接近閥座的位置，導緻泵的突(tū)然關閉或閥門(mén)的突然關閉，從而産生水錘效應。對于控制閥，在某些(xiē)情況下，快開型流(liú)量特性的閥門也能導緻水錘效應(yīng)。

Usually, when the valve is close to closing, the closing element suddenly sucks into the valve seat, which is called the cylinder locking effect.

The locking effect of the dissolving cylinder is caused by the low thrust actuator, which does not have enough thrust to keep close to the valve seat, resulting in the sudden closure of the pump or the sudden closure of the valve, resulting in water hammer effect. For control valves, in some cases, valves with fast opening flow characteristics can also cause water hammer effect.

雖然水錘(chuí)産生很大的噪(zào)音，但真正的損害是由機械失(shī)效造成的(de)。因為由動能急劇地(dì)變化成靜态的(de)管線壓力，水錘會沖破管(guǎn)線或損傷管子支架(jià)和損害管線接頭。對于閥門，水(shuǐ)錘能夠通過閥芯産生嚴重振動，它可能導緻閥(fá)芯、墊片或填料的(de)失效。

Although the water hammer makes a lot of noise, the real damage is caused by mechanical failure. Because of the sharp change from kinetic energy to static pipeline pressure, water hammer will break through the pipeline or damage the pipe support and pipeline joint. For valves, water hammer can produce serious vibration through the valve core, which may lead to the failure of the valve core, gasket or packing.

對于閥門，防止水(shuǐ)錘的辦(bàn)法是防止(zhǐ)系統任何突然的壓力變(biàn)化。

For valve,the way toprevent water hammer is to prevent any sudden any pressure changes in the system.

包括(kuò)放慢閥門本身的關閉速度或當閉合元件接近閥座時提供較大程度的拉力和剛性。為(wéi)防止壓力波動，閥門應以(yǐ)均勻變動的速度進行關閉。在(zài)某(mǒu)些情況下，當使用快開特性(xìng)，可以要求改變為等百分比特(tè)性。對于在接近閥座時(shí)必須節流的控制閥，應當使用輸出推(tuī)力足夠大的執行(háng)機構，如活塞式氣(qì)動執行機(jī)構或液壓執行機構，或在手動旋轉的操作器的行程套(tào)管上設置特殊缺口，将減少(shǎo)或防止溶缸(gāng)閉鎖效應(yīng)。在管線系統上設置某種(zhǒng)類型(xíng)的防波動措施也能減少水錘(chuí)。可使用壓力洩放閥或緩沖桶完成(chéng)。此外氣體可被注(zhù)入系統内，氣體的注入能減少流體的(de)密度(dù)并提供某些壓(yā)縮性以處理任何(hé)突然的波動。

This includes slowing down the closing speed of the valve itself or providing a greater degree of tension and rigidity when the closing element approaches the valve seat. In order to prevent pressure fluctuation, the valve shall be closed at a uniform change speed. In some cases, when the quick open feature is used, it can be required to change to the equal percentage feature. For the control valve that must be throttled when approaching the valve seat, an actuator with sufficient output thrust, such as piston pneumatic actuator or hydraulic actuator, or a special notch shall be set on the stroke sleeve of the manually rotating operator, which will reduce or prevent the cylinder locking effect. Setting some type of anti fluctuation measures on the pipeline system can also reduce water hammer. This can be done using a pressure relief valve or a buffer drum. In addition, gas can be injected into the system, which can reduce the density of the fluid and provide some compressibility to deal with any sudden fluctuations.

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